 Outline of Analysis
| Milwaukee County vs. Wisconsin Comparative Trends Analysis: Total Employment Growth and Change, 1969-2022 Introduction  Milwaukee County: 2022 Jobs = 618,491 2022 Percent of State = 16.19% Wisconsin: 2022 Jobs = 3,819,180 2022 Percent of U.S. = 1.80% Employment numbers remain the most popular and frequently cited statistics used for tracking local area economic conditions and trends. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) employment estimates reported measure the number of full- and part-time wage and salary employees, plus the number of proprietors of unincorporated businesses. People holding more than one job are counted in the employment estimates for each job they hold. This means BEA employment estimates represent a job count, not a people count. Also, BEA employment is by place-of-work, rather than by place-of-residence. Jobs held by neighboring county residents who commute to Milwaukee County to work are included in the employment count for Milwaukee County. Data Definition: The BEA employment series for states and local areas comprises estimates of the number of jobs, full-time plus part-time, by place of work. Full-time and part-time jobs are counted at equal weight. Employees, sole proprietors, and active partners are included, but unpaid family workers and volunteers are not included. Proprietors employment consists of the number of sole proprietorships and the number of partners in partnerships. The description "by place of work" applies to the wage and salary portion of the series and, with relatively little error, to the entire series. The proprietors employment portion of the series, however, is more nearly by place of residence because, for nonfarm sole proprietorships, the estimates are based on IRS tax data that reflect the address from which the proprietor's individual tax return is filed, which is usually the proprietor's residence. The nonfarm partnership portion of the proprietors employment series reflects the tax-filing address of the partnership, which may be either the residence of one of the partners or the business address of the partnership. The employment estimates are designed to be consistent with the estimates of wages and salaries and proprietors' income that are part of the personal income series. The employment estimates are based on the same sets of source data as the corresponding earnings estimates and are prepared with parallel methodologies. Two forms of proprietors' income-the income of limited partnerships and the income of tax-exempt cooperatives-have no corresponding employment estimates. Total Employment, 1969-2022  Figure 1. Figure 1 traces Milwaukee County's annual total employment for the period 1969-2022 to illustrate total employment patterns over time. During this 54-year period, Milwaukee County's total employment rose from 535,818 in 1969 to 618,491 in 2022, for a net gain of 82,673, or 15.43%. Total Employment, 1969-2022  Figure 2. Figure 2 tracks Wisconsin's annual total employment for the period 1969-2022 to illustrate total employment patterns over time. During this 54-year period, Wisconsin's total employment rose from 1,943,518 in 1969 to 3,819,180 in 2022, for a net gain of 1,875,662, or 96.51%. Total Employment Indices (1969=100): 1969-2022  Figure 3. Figure 3 shows Milwaukee County's total employment growth in a broader context by offering direct comparisons across time with Wisconsin, the United States. The growth indices shown here express each region's total employment in 1969 as a base figure of 100, and the total employments in later years as a percentage of the 1969 base figure. This method allows for more direct comparison of differences in total employment growth between regions that may differ vastly in size. Milwaukee County's overall total employment growth was 15.43% over 1969-2022 trailed Wisconsin's increase of 96.51%, and fell below the United States' increase of 133.32%. Total Employment as a Percent of the Wisconsin Total: 1969-2022  Figure 4. Another interesting and insightful way of comparing the total employment growth of Milwaukee County is to trace its individual percentage contributions to Wisconsin's statewide total employment over time, as shown in Figure 4. A rising share means a region's total employment grew faster, or declined less, than Wisconsin's total employment, while a declining share shows it grew more slowly. In 1969, Milwaukee County's total employment comprised 27.57% of Wisconsin's total employment, while in 2022 it equated to 16.19% thereby yielding a -11.38% share-shift.
Milwaukee County Total Employment: Annual Percent Change, 1970-2022  Figure 5. Figure 5 displays the short-run pattern of Milwaukee County's total employment growth by tracking the year-to-year percent change over 1970-2022. The average annual percent change for the entire 53-year period is also illustrated on this chart to provide a benchmark for gauging periods of relative high--and relative low--growth against the backdrop of the long-term average. On average, Milwaukee County's total employment grew at an annual rate of 0.29% over 1970-2022. The county recorded its highest growth in 1973 (4.70%) and recorded its lowest growth in 2020 (-4.99%). In 2022, Milwaukee County's total employment grew by 3.65% Milwaukee County Total Employment: Annual Percent Change and Decade Averages Over 1970-2022  Figure 6. Over the past five decades some counties have experienced extreme swings in growth, and often such swings have tended to coincide with the decades themselves. Figure 6 again traces the annual percent change in Milwaukee County's total employment since 1970, but this time they are overlayed with average growth rates for the decade of the 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, 2010s, and 2020-2022. During the 1970s, Milwaukee County's annual total employment growth rate averaged 1.08%. It averaged 0.24% during the 1980s, 0.15% during the 1990s, -0.53% during the 2000s, 0.46% throughout the 2010s, 0.43% thus far this decade (2020-2022). Total Employment Growth: Average Annual Percent Change by Decade  Figure 7. Figure 7 compares the decade average growth rates for Milwaukee County noted in the previous graph with the corresponding decade averages for Wisconsin and the nation. As the chart reveals, Milwaukee County's average annual total employment growth lagged Wisconsin's average in the 1970s (1.08% vs. 2.40%), posted below Wisconsin's average during the 1980s (0.24% vs. 1.10%), trailed Wisconsin's average in the 1990s (0.15% vs. 2.03%), amounted to less than Wisconsin's average throughout the 2000s (-0.53% vs. 0.29%), lagged Wisconsin's average throughout the 2010s (0.46% vs. 0.77%), and amounted to less than Wisconsin's average over the 3 year period of the current decade, 2020-2022 (0.43% vs. 0.95%). Finally, relative to nationwide total employment growth trends, Milwaukee County fell below the nation in the 1970s (1.08% vs. 2.21%), trailed the nation throughout the 1980s (0.24% vs. 1.88%), fell below the nation in the 1990s (0.15% vs. 1.73%), fell under the nation during the 2000s (-0.53% vs. 0.74%), fell below the nation throughout the 2010s (0.46% vs. 1.51%), and trailed the nation over 2020-2022 (0.43% vs. 1.82%). Job Ratios (Employment/Population): 1969-2022  Figure 8. The job ratios shown in Figure 8 for Milwaukee County, Wisconsin and the nation not only portray a number of important trends, they also serves as a thumbnail guide to evaluating an economy's capacity to generate enough jobs fast enough to absorb the increasing number of workers attendant to a growing population. The job ratio is the number of full-time and part-time jobs by place of work, divided by population. Nationally, the job ratio rose from 0.45 to 0.64 between 1969 and 2022. Milwaukee County's job ratio registered 0.51 in 1969, and 0.67 in 2022. Underlying the rising job ratio over the past several decades have been the increases in the labor force participation rates, with the number and proportion of women in the labor market playing a leading role. An assortment of other factors can contribute to regional differences in the job ratio. They include differences in the proportion of elderly and retirees who no longer work and participate in the labor force, differences in the number and proportion of part-time vs. full-time workers, differences in industry composition, and differences in age and sex distribution and degree of urbanization. Also, a disproportionate number of workers commuting to work outside a county tends to lower its local county job ratio, while a net inflow of workers commuting to work inside the county tends to augment its local county job ratio. Avoid interpreting the job ratio as the fraction (or percent) of the local population employed. This interpretation should only apply to the "employment-population ratio" statistic compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Job Ratios (Employment/Population) as a Percent of the U.S. Average: 1969-2022  Figure 9. To highlight trends in a local job ratio relative to nationwide trends, Figure 9 tracks Milwaukee County's, Wisconsin's job ratio as a percent of the national job ratio over 1969-2022.
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